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Basic Science
Paris, D. T., and F. K. Hurd. 1969. Basic Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw Hill.
EMF Levels and Exposures
Bowman, J. D., et al. 1992. Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure, Chemical Exposure, and Leukemia Risk in "Electrical" Occupations. Prepared by the University of Southern California for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Bracken, T. D., and R. F. Rankin (Principal Investigators). 1994. EMDEX Project Residential Study Final Report (in press). Prepared by T. Dan Bracken, Inc., for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Gauger, J. R. 1985. "Household Appliance Magnetic Field Survey," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS 104(9): 2436-2444.
Stearns, R. D., M. W. Tuominen, and V. L. Chattier. 1992. "Magnetic Field Characterization for the Bonneville Power Administration's 500-, 230-, and 115-kV Transmission Line Systems." Abstract P-26. The Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery, and Use of Electricity. W/L Associates, Ltd., Frederick, Md.
Zaffanella, L. E., (Principal Investigator). 1993. Survey of Residential Magnetic Field Sources. Final Report TR-102759 (2 volumes). Prepared by the High Voltage Transmission Research Center for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
EMF Measurement Protocols
IEEE Magnetic Field Task Force of the AC Fields Working Group of the Corona Field Effects Subcommittee of the Transmission and Distribution Committee. "A Protocol for Spot Measurements of Residential Power Frequency Magnetic Fields, " IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1993, July, 8(3): 1386-94.
National EMF Measurement Protocol Group. 1994. Power Frequency Magnetic Fields: A Protocol for Conducting Spot Measurements in Residential Settings.
Yost, M. G., G. M. Lee, D. Duane, J. Fisch, and R. R. Neutra. 1992. "California Protocol for Measuring 60 HZ Magnetic Fields in Residences," Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene, November, 7(11): 727- 77.
EMF Standards and Regulations
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1994.1994-1995 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati. ISBN 1-882417-06-2.
Electro-Magnetic Health Effects Committee. 1992. "Regulatory Issues," Chap. 6 in Health Effects of Exposure to Powerline-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Public Utility Commission of Texas, Austin, Tex.
IRPA/INIRC (International Nonionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association). 1990. "Interim Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to 50/60-Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields," Health Physics 58: 113-122.
Maddock, B. J. 1992. "Exposure Limits Around the World," Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Workplace Proceedings, October 21-23, Paris. International Commission on Occupational Health Radiation and Work Committee.
SWEDAC (Swedish Board for Technical Assistance). 1990. User's Handbook for Evaluating Visual Display Units. MPR 1990:10 1990-12-31. SWEDAC, Bords, Sweden.
TCO (Tjanstemannens Central Organisation, Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees). 1994. Screen Facts. Stockholm, TCO Information Center, Chicago.
Residential Childhood Cancer Studies
(The following references are in chronological order.)
Wertheimer, N., and E. Leeper. 1979. "Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childhood Cancer," American Journal of Epidemiology 109: 273-284.
Fulton, J. P., S. Cobb, L. Preble, L. Leone, and E. Forman. 1980. "Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childhood Leukemia in Rhode Island," American Journal of Epidemiology 111: 292-296.
Tomenius, L. 1986. "50-Hz Electromagnetic Environment and the Incidence of Childhood Tumors in Stockholm County," Bioelectromagnetics 7: 191-207.
Savitz, D. A., H. Wachtel, F. A. Barnes, E. M. John, and J. G. Tvrdik. 1988. "Case-Control Study of Childhood Cancer and Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields," American Journal of Epidemiology 128: 21-38.
Coleman, M. P., C. M. J. Bell, H. L. Taylor, and M. P. Zakelj. 1989. "Leukaemia and Residence near Electricity Transmission Equipment: A Case-Control Study," British Journal of Cancer 60: 793-798.
Myers, A., A. D. Clayden, R. A. Cartwright, and S. C. Cartwright. 1990. "Childhood Cancer and Overhead Powerlines: A Case-Control Study," British Journal of Cancer 62: 1008-1014.
London, S., D. C. Thomas, J. D. Bowman, E. Sobel, T. C. Cheng, and J. M. Peters. 1991. "Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia," American Journal of Epidemiology 134: 923-937.
Lowenthal, R. M., J. B. Panton, M. J. Baikie, and J. N. Lickiss. 1991. "Exposure to High Tension Power Lines and Childhood Leukemia: A Pilot Study," Medical Journal of Australia 155: 347.
Feychting, M. and A. Ahlbom. 1993. "Magnetic Fields and Cancer in Children Residing near Swedish High- Voltage Power Lines," American Journal of Epidemiology 138: 467-481.
Olsen, J. H., A. Nielsen, and G. Schulgen. 1993. "Residence near High Voltage Facilities and the Risk of Cancer in Children," British Medical Journal 307: 891-895.
Verkasalo, P. K., et al. 1993. "Risk of Cancer in Finnish Children Living Close to Power Lines," British Medical Journal 307: 895-899.
Petridou, E., et al. 1993. "Age of Exposure to Infections and Risk of Childhood Leukaemia," British Medical Journal 307: 774.
Fajardo-Gutierrez, A., et al. 1993. Close Residence to High Electric Voltage Lines and Its Association with Children with Leukemia" (In Spanish), Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico 50: 32-28.
Ahlbom, A., M. Feychting, M. Koskenvuo, J. H. Olsen, E. Pukkala, G. I Schulgen, and P. Verkasalo. 1993. "Electromagnetic Fields and Child hood Cancer," Lancet 342: 1295-1296.
Residential Adult Cancer Studies
(The following references are in chronological order.)
Wertheimer, N., and E. Leeper. 1982. "Adult Cancer Related to Electrical Wires near the Home," International Journal of Epidemiology 11: 345-355.
McDowell, M. E. 1986. "Mortality of Persons Resident in the Vicinity of Electricity Transmission Facilities," British Journal of Cancer 53: 271-279.
Severson, R. K., R. G . Stevens, W. T. Kaune, D. B. Thomas, L. Heuser, S. Davis, and L. E. Sever. 1988. "Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia and Residential Exposure to Power Frequency Magnetic Fields," American Journal of Epidemiology 128: 10-20.
Coleman, M. P., C. M. J. Bell, H. L. Taylor, and M. P. Zakelj. 1989. "Leukaemia and Residence near Electricity Transmission Equipment:: A Case-Control Study," British Journal of Cancer 60: 793-798.
Youngson, J. H. A. M., A. D. Clayden, A. Myers, and R. A. Cartwright. 1991. "A Case-Control Study of Adult Hematological Malignancies in Relation to Overhead Powerlines," British Journal of Cancer 63: 977- 985.
Eriksson, M., and M. Karisson. 1992. "Occupational and Other Environmental Factors and Multiple Myeloma: A Population Based Case Control Study," British Journal of Industrial Medicine 49: 95-103.
Feychting, M., and A. Ahlbom. 1992. Magnetic Fields and Cancer in People Residing near Swedish High Voltage Power Lines, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.
Schreiber, G. H., G . M. H. Swaen, J. M. M. Meijers, J. J. M. Slangen, and F. Sturmans. 1993. "Cancer Mortality and Residence near Electricity Transmission Equipment A Retrospective Cohort Study," International Journal of Epidemiology 22: 9- 15.
Cancer Cluster
Anonymous. 1990. "State Health Studies in Connecticut and North Carolina Refute Brodeur's 'Cancer Clusters,"' Transmission/ Distribution Health S Safety Report 8: 6, 9-10.
Neutra, R. R., and E. Glazer. 1993. An Evaluation of an Alleged Cancer Cluster Among Teachers at the Slater School Between 1973 and 1992. California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, Calif.
(Several papers on the clustering of health events can also be found in the American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 132: Supplement, June 1990.)
Occupational EMF Cancer Studies
Electro-Magnetic Health Effects Committee. 1992. "Regulatory Issues," Chap. 6 in Health Effects of Exposure to Powerline-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Public Utility Commission of Texas, Austin, Tex.
Floderus, B., et al. 1993. "Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in Relation to Leukemia and Brain Tumors: A Case-Control Study in Sweden," Cancer Causes and Control 4: 465-476.
Guenel, P., P. Raskmark, J. Bach, and E. Lynge. 1993. "Incidence of Cancer in Persons with Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in Denmark," British Journal of Industrial Medicine 50: 758-764.
Matanoski, M. M., et al. 1993. "Leukemia in Telephone Linemen," American Journal of Epidemiology 137: 609-619.
Sahl, J. D., M. A. Kelsh, and S. Greenland. 1993. "Cohort and Nested Case-Control Studies of Hematopoietic Cancers and Brain Cancer Among Electric Utility Workers," Epidemiology 4: 104-114.
Savitz, D. A., and D. P. Loomis. 1995. "Magnetic Field Exposure in Relation to Leukemia and Brain Cancer Mortality among Electric Utility Workers," American Journal of Epidemiology 141(62): 1-12.
Theriault, G., et al. 1994. "Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Fields Among Utility Workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France: 1970-1989," American Journal of Epidemiology 139: 550-572.
Some National Reviews of EMF Research
Advisory Group on Non-Ionizing Radiation. 1992. Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer 3(1). National Radiological Protection Board. Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, U.K.
Expert Group of the Danish Ministry of Health on Non-ionizing Radiation. 1993. Report on the Risk of Cancer in Children with Homes Exposed to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields from High-Voltage Installations. Danish Ministry of Health, Copenhagen.
Guenel, P., and J. Lellouch. 1993. Synthesis of the Literature on Health Effects from Very Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris.
Oak Ridge Associated Universities Panel. 1992. Health Effects of Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. ORAU 92/F8. Prepared for the Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination. U.S. Government Printing Office: GPO #029-000-00443-9.
Peach, H. G., W. J. Bonwick, R. Scanlan, and T. Wyse. 1992. Report of the Panel on Electro-magnetic Fields and Health to the Victorian Government. Minister of Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Science Advisory Board. 1992. Potential Carcinogenicity of Electric and Magnetic Fields. EPA SAB-RAC- 92-013. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Swedish National Board for Electrical Safety. 1993. Revised Assessment of Magnetic Fields and Health Hazards. Stockholm.
Electricity Use and Cancer Rates
Jackson, J. D. 1992. "Are the Stray 60-Hz Electromagnetic Fields Associated with the Distribution and Use of Electric Power a Significant Cause of Cancer?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89: 3508-3510.
Kujawa, L. J., et al. 1992. Electric Power Trends 1992. Arthur Anderson & Co., Atlanta, and Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
Miller, B. A., et al., eds. 1992. Cancer Statistics Review: 1973-1989. NIH Pub. No. 92-2789. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.
Savitz, D. A. 1993. "Health Effects of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields," Environmental Science and Technology 27: 52-54.
Brent, R. L., W. E. Gordon, W. R. Bennett, and D. A. Beckman. 1993. "Reproductive and Teratologic Effects of Electromagnetic Fields," Reproductive Toxicology 7: 535-580.
Juutilainen, J., P. Matilainen, S. Saarikoski, E. Laara, and S. Suonio. 1993. "Early Pregnancy Loss and Exposure to 50-Hz Magnetic Fields," Bioelectromagnetics 14: 229-236.
Lindbohm, M. L., et al. 1992. "Magnetic Fields of Video Display Terminals and Spontaneous Abortion," American Journal of Epidemiology 136: 1041-1051.
McMahan S., J. Ericson, and J. Meyer. 1994. "Depressive Symptomatology in Women and Residential Proximity to High-Voltage Transmission Lines," American Journal of Epidemiology 139: 58-63.
Poole, C., et al. 1993. "Depressive Symptoms and Headaches in Relation to Proximity to an Alternating- Current Transmission Line Right-of-Way," American Journal of Epidemiology 137: 318-330.
Rea, W. J., et al. 1991. "Electromagnetic Field Sensitivity," Journal of Bioelectricity 10: 241-256.
Roman, E., V. Beral, M. Pelerin, and C. Hermon. 1992. "Spontaneous Abortion and Work with Visual Display Units," British Journal of Industrial Medicine 49: 507-512.
Laboratory EMF Studies
(Results of EMF laboratory research can be found in the following:)
Anderson, L. E. 1993. "Biological Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: In Vivo Studies," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 54)4): 186-96.
Blank, M., ed. 1993. Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine: Review and Research Papers Presented at the First World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine. San Francisco Press, San Francisco.
Cleary, S. F. 1993. "A Review of In Vitro Studies: Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 54(4): 178-85.
Frey, A. H. 1993. "Electromagnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems," Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal (FASEB) 7: 272-281.
Studies of Melatonin and EMF
Lee, J. M., et al. 1993. "Melatonin Secretion and Puberty in Female Lambs Exposed to Environmental Electric and Magnetic Fields," Biology of Reproduction 49: 857-864.
Liburdy, R. P., T. R. Sloma, R. Sokolic, and P. Yaswen. 1993. "ELF Magnetic Fields, Breast Cancer, and Melatonin: 60 Hz Fields Block Melatonin's Oncostatic Action on ER Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation," Journal of Pineal Research 14: 89-97.
Reiter, R. J. 1992. "Alterations of the Circadian Melatonin Rhythm by the Electromagnetic Spectrum: A Study in Environmental Toxicology," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 15: 226-244.
Wilson, B. W., R. G. Stevens, and L. E. Anderson. 1989. "Mini review: Neuroendocrine Mediated Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure: Possible Role of the Pineal Gland," Life Sciences 45: 1319-1332.
The booklet is a product of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination Program (EMF RAPID).